History and Development SNIPER around the World

"HISTORY IN THE SNIPER AROUND THE WORLD "

Since the discovery of guns, snipers have played a major role in various historical wars. But the sniper action first recorded history by the greatest artist of all time named Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519), and he creates a very accurate rifle for the period and used in the war Siege of Florence (1498) for the troops opened fire on the officers
The Holy Roman Empire who were besieging the city of Florence, Italy. It is said that the rifle is capable of firing accurately to within 200 meters, distances are very unusual for the time.


War France - Austria (1796-1797)
When the powerful French forces led by General Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Austria, their forward movement is hampered by a strange Austrian sniper units were armed only with rifles. Number of casualties and the difficulty of detecting the presence of the French army snipers Austria made Napoleon was furious and issued an order Austria officially that every soldier who was caught with a pellet gun, directly executed in place, because they are regarded as a cowardly murderer is not a soldier. This is not hearing this burst of rifle from a distance of 150 m. . Sniper rifle is made by a weapons expert named Bartholomew Girandoni Austria and has magasen rifle containing 20 rounds of lead caliber 13 millimeters. Fact for today's standard weapons, sniper rifles made in the 18th century is still scary.

American War of Independence (1776-1783)
October 7, 1777 In the war of American independence, General Simon Fraser of the British Empire forces shot dead at Bemis Heights, New York (Battle of Saratoga) from a distance of 500 yards by a sniper named Tim Murphy of unity Kentucky Riflemen. Tim Murphy uses locok Kentucky Long Rifle Rifle .40 caliber (10 mm). As a result of the death of General Simon Fraser, British forces halted the advance that resulted in the defeat of England in fighting the British forces at Saratoga Saratoga.Kekalahan this is the beginning of their defeat in the war of American independence.

Trafalgar naval battle (1805)
In October 1805 the combined fleets of France and Spain Royal Navy left the port of Cadiz harbor, near Trafalgar peninsula they were ambushed by the Royal Navy fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson. In the middle of this battle was Admiral Nelson led from flag ship HMS Victory.tiba suddenly fell shot by a French sniper perched ditiang screen warships Redoubtable who was fighting at close range with HMS Victory.Sniper French Admiral Nelson was shot using only locok rifle from a distance of 75 meters only. Although the battle was won by the British Trafalgar, Admiral
Nelson died of his injuries were so severe

American Civil War (1861-1865)
May 9, 1864 The American Civil War Major General John Sedgwick of the northern army, was shot dead by Sergeant Grace of unity IV Infantry Georgia from within 800 yards in Spotsylvania using British-made rifle Withworth game. Death of General J. Sedgwick resulted in delayed progression of the Northern troops led to the victory of the Confederates Southern leader General Robert E.Lee.

Boer War (1899-1902)
In a dawn raid on January 25, 1900 1,700 British soldiers who supported the cannon and machine gun was successful occupied one hill on the mountain Spion Kop, South Africa. When the morning light illuminates the terrain, they realized that they had occupied the wrong hill. Correct hill located higher and are within 300 m of their position, unfortunately the hill is still occupied by the forces of unity Carolina Boer Kommandos & Pretoria Kommandos who began shooting at them (the origin of the name is taken from army commandos Boer). That night the British troops were forced to retreat with the loss of 1,200 people. The Kommandos sniper armed with Mauser M1895 bolt action 7 mm caliber which can only be fired once per cock, British soldiers kill from a distance of 300 meters (without using a telescope).

1903
Learning from their defeat at Spion Kop, South Africa, Major Hesketh Pritchard of the British Empire AD begin sniper training course first
the world to be named: "The First Army School of Sniping, Observing and Scouting". Unfortunately AD British Empire did not use it well and did not have a doctrine, organization & special weapon for the snipernya until one day they were made aware by the German sniper.

1910
The term "Sniper" for the first time used as the official military term for the German Army sniper. Creator sniper unit qualification standards, doctrine and organization as we know it today is
German imperial army before World War 1. Germany also that for the first time created specifically for sniper rifles, even they also make special bullets for the gun. Special sniper rifle is based on the Mauser Gewehr 1898 (Gew.98) mm 7.92 mm caliber in "tune up" to very precise shots and fitted with telescope sight.

World War I (1914-1918)
The high casualties of British soldiers killed by head or chest injuries, made ​​aware of the presence of British Army snipers Germany; it forced them to look for reason and act quickly to address this problem. Lord Lovat, a Scottish nobleman UK Army officers also immediately formed Lovat Scout's Sniper regiment and they were the first to use Ghillie Suit (clothing used sniper so they look like bushes) in perang.Ghillie Suit first used by the Scottish rangers on duty caught the thieves and poachers of endangered species are protected in nature reserves Scottish government. the Scout Sniper is very adept at camouflage and very good in stalking the movements of enemy troops, sadly underused skills by shooting them
UK.


Record the highest sniper in World War I
held by Francis Pegahmagabow of the Canadian Army who managed to kill 378 enemy soldiers. It uses the Ross rifle
Mk.3 .303 caliber (7.7 mm) and Rifle 3
Mk. I caliber 7.7 mm.

Billy Sing (Australia)
Before World War 1, William Edward (Billy) Sing is a champion hunting kangaroo from Clermont, Queensland, Australia and in May 1914 he was one of the soldiers Light Horse Regiment, 5th Australian who arrived in Gallipoli, Egypt, the largest battle between the Allies with Turkish forces during World War 1. Billy and Ion "Jack" Idriess the observer occupies a small hill called Post Chatam, mailed Billy is a career as a top sniper built.

They both prepare all their needs before dawn and never leave their post until sunset. Thus, during the day there was no one visible gerakanpun the post and beyond. Here, Billy and Jack patiently motionless silence, until the Turks were careless. Every day Turkipun casualties falling and this makes them scared because the shots sniper Australia TSB. never known. Rekor Billy the highest daily reach 9 people in 1 day.
Turkish forces did not remain silent and immediately send snipernya dubbed top "Abdul the Terrible" (Abdul terrible) by Australian troops. Abdul a professional sniper who had received Turkish Army service medal directly from the Sultan of Turkey because of his performance. Like a professional forensic expert, Abdul studied very carefully wound on each the dead, examined the bullet angle, interviewing witnesses and reconstructing the incident when the victim died. From his research he came to the conclusion that the enemy sniper fire was coming from the hill Post Chatam. Just as the by Billy, Abdul secretly hidden immediately make a special post to oversee the hill alone. regardless lucrative targets passing in front of him. One day Private First Class Tom Sheehan (Billy observers at the time) were observed with the telescope Turkish army camps, suddenly "Dar" he was shot and Abdul bullet entered right from the tip telescopenya, out of the base, continue to penetrate both hands, then entered the mouth Tom and out of his left cheek and then dug right dibahu Billy. Due to the severe wound Tom Sheehan immediately sent back to Australia, he was unlucky not to put the telescope to his eye, while Billy had to rest for 1 week. Billy realized the great opponents have found persembunyiannya.Begitu heal soon heading back to Chatham; many days he just sits and observers monitoring the Turkish forces to seek the Abdul. One day at dawn begins to shine, the observer whispered "no target"; Billy who immediately took the telescope was, was surprised when he finds himself right and see the face of Abdul gunpoint. Billy soon take his rifle and took aim, Abdul was at the same time aimed the rifle, "Dar" Billy shoot faster and the bullet lodged right between his eyes Abdul. Both top national sniper mistakes the same, ie "do not move after firing". Abdul is a professional sniper who has prepared everything; Abdul died not long after, Turkey immediately fired a cannon to Post Chatam, unfortunately bullet The first fell to blow up an upfront spot hidden Billy. Billy and the observer was running as fast as fast as the second bullet blew up his post.

Billy uses rifle Short Magazine Lee Enfield (SMLE) No.1 Mark III British-made .303 caliber (7.7 mm) and Abdul use Gewehr 1898 Mauser rifle caliber 7.92 mm. At the end of the war, the official record of Billy Sing recognized AD Australia: 150 people enemies (201 people Billy notes). Unfortunately there is not the slightest record of Abdul.

Alvin C. York (USA)
In the attack by Allied jungle Argonne-Meuse, Belgium 1918; advance to the 82 American Division stopped by a large German machine gun nest. Aware that forces will not be able to stem their advance with a frontal invasion, platoon, Corporal Alvin C.York decided to move rebound and finish stronghold German fortifications from behind. The movement was known German platoon who opened fire on them until all members of the platoon were injured or killed (kecual Alvin York itself).
Alone he continues to fight against the Germans and by the end of the battle he managed to kill 25 people opponents, silencing 35 machine gun bunker and charming 132 German soldiers. Alvin York used Springfield 1903 rifles 30.06 (7.62 mm) and Government Model 1911 pistol caliber .45

1930
2 man sniper team tactics first adopted by AB Soviet Union (Russia). Later this tactic proved to be more effective than one person sniper tactics, which was then used by most other developed negara2.
In the organization of the Russian army, sniper unit is an integral part of their infantry tactics and sniper units were considerable freedom to implement its own initiative itself. In World War 2 per day unit platoon and company-level Russian snipers operate in large numbers.

World War II was a war of the most widely-produced record sniper spectacular record that can not be solved again in the present. Of the top 54 World War II snipers in recorded history, 49 of them shoot more than 100 people enemy soldiers and 6 of them are women. There are many top sniper from different countries never recorded in the history of World War II, due to the activities of the snipers generally included in the category of military secrets (except when for the sake of propaganda), compounded by the number of documents missing, destroyed by war and corrupt eaten For decades old history lovers military and weapons enthusiasts take pains to collect and re-verify the documents, data, and stories about
the top snipers.


Register snipers world
Although Finnish sniper holds the world record, a list of top snipers of World War II was dominated by Russian snipers. this is evidence that the training, organization, tactics and strategies for the Russian sniper is more advanced than other countries at that time. Sniper and sniper action of the famous (and not just the highest record) in this war include the following :

Simo Häyhä (Finland)
Record the highest sniper in World War II was held by Simo Häyhä of Finnish Army soldiers managed to kill 542 Russians. The most amazing, Simo Häyhä fought only with a rifle, bolt action Mosin-Nagant M39 7.62 mm caliber Russian made without a telescope and sometimes he had to shoot enemies from a distance of over 600 yards. Simo was a shooting champion who has a lot of collection of medals and trophies won from various game. Simo Häyhä died on 1 April 2002 ago at the age of 96 years.

Sulo Kolkka (Finland)
"It sniper" (long-distance shot with Mosin-Nagant M39) Sulo Kolkka managed to shoot more than 400 Russian soldiers; but beyond this amount it is also eliminating 200 enemy soldiers again using the submachine gun (military terms: gun machine gun) Finnish 9 mm Parabellum caliber M/1931 artificial The famous Finnish accurate. To 600 Russian soldiers were all dihabisinya within 105 days. While on duty as a sniper, Sulo Kolkka have "hobby" to operate as far behind the defensive line troops enemy: this is very frightening and frustrating the Russians who had thought they were safe behind underlined. consequences of "mischief", the Sulo often hunted by soldiers and snipers Russia, but at the end of each hunt is he who always finish his hunters. In a pursuit operation, Sulo a sniper duel with Russian for a few days and managed to finish with a single shot from a distance of 550 m without a telescope with only a rifle bolt action Mosin-Nagant
M/39 without a telescope.

Finland is known as a storehouse expert snipers in camouflage and shot while gliding ski. Throughout the war the famous Finnish-Russian as the Winter War, the Russians lost 1,000,000 of 1,500,000 man army troops invaded Finland, while the Finnish lost 25,000 people (1: 40). In a battle of winter, 32 Finnish soldiers assigned to withstand invasion 4000 Russian soldiers (1:125) with the end of the shoot run tactics 4,000 people fighting the entire army Russian was killed and only 4 soldiers Finland was left alive. They managed to maintain a line of defense them. To commemorate the heroism of the soldiers Finland in the Winter War, every year Finland held a match shoot biathlon is now included in the one sport contested Winter Olympic in the world. Here the shooter must shoot the target 5 pieces separate with .22-caliber rifles and use the ski to glide position to run next shot. Sniper unidentified Dutch On May 14, 1940 General Kurt Student, commander of the troops of the German Air Force was future inspections kegaris seriously injured by a single shot of a Marine sniper Maintain Dutch city of Rotterdam from a distance of 800 yards. Dutch snipers using rifles 6.5 mm caliber Mannlicher Model 1895. As a result of the shooting of General Kurt Student, Hitler ordered the bombers AU Germany to flatten the city of Rotterdam with "Carpet bombing".

Vasily Zaitsev (Russian)
Duel sniper sniper opponent's most famous the world is a duel between Master Sergeant Vasily
Gregorievich Zaitsev (400 victims) with Major Koenig of Germany. But when the novel "War of the Rats" by
David L.Robbins launched (1999), there is a who claimed the family of Koenig telephoned David and Erwin Koenig admitted that the 400 people have managed to shoot Russian soldiers indeed fall shot by Vasily Zaitsev in Stalingrad. The extent to which the truth of it? God only knows, because in battle Stalingrad hundreds of snipers from both sides involved there.

The German sniper using a rifle bolt action Mauser Kar. 98 caliber 7.92 mm bertelescope with 1.5 X magnification, 4X or 6X or semi-automatic rifle Walther Gewehr 43 caliber 7.92 mm bertelescope with 4X magnification.






Lyudmila Pavlichenko (Russia)

In June 1941, when Germany invaded Russian Lyudmila Pavlichenko (24 years) is Kiev University student majoring in history. While in college, this beautiful girl working part time in the arms factory in the city; besides that he also member of a gun club Kiev membinanya being an athlete shooting since the age of 14 years. When he enrolled himself to be soldiers, recruitment officer who receives immediately laughed at and rejected; then he advised him to Lyudmila a nurse only. Lyudmila unyielding soon shot and showed certificate Infantry Division received 25. He then be one of the 2,000 people sniper woman Russia, which at the end of the war the only remaining 500 people. Lyudmila fought for 2 ½ months in front Odessa and difront he managed to kill 187 the enemy. From here the division moved kefront Sevastopol, Crimea peninsula.
Month of May 1942 Lieutenant Lyudmila record Pavlichenko grown to 257 people and in June 1942 he was wounded by an explosion mortar. Since he has become a hero Nationally, less than a month after he left
Lyudmila hospital pulled from field combat. When it officially has achieved record 309 people, including a 6 man sniper Germany. Interestingly, one of the sniper Germany's Lyudmila find a log book showed that he had shot 500 Russian soldiers. It was never recorded German soldiers in the document and unfortunately log book is missing so the name sniper was never known. As well as Vasily Zaitsev, a hero lady Lyudmila heavily utilized by Russian propaganda team sent to Canada and the United States. Lyudmila is the first Russian citizen received by the President of the United States. Mrs. Ny State. Eleanor Roosevelt invited for a tour around the United States to tell heroic story. In Canada he got the prize rifle Winchester bertelescope which now adorn Central Museum of the Russian Armed Forces Moscow and he was rewarded by the American Colt Government 1911 .45 caliber.

Year 1943 he received a Gold Star Hero of the Soviet Union and never come back again kefront; yet appointed a sniper instructor where he has successfully trained hundreds of people sniper. When the war ended he held the rank of Major and returned to the University of Kiev to complete college, then he became Research Assistant at the Headquarters of the Soviet Navy until in 1953.

Lyudmila Pavlichenko died on 10
October 1974 at the age of 58 years and
Heroes cemetery burial
Novodevichiye, Moscow.

Sniper Jepang

We have often read in the history of the Pacific war, and look at war movies such as Wind Talker and Thin Red Line that in every field, the advance of thousands of American armed forces are always hampered by some Japanese sniper course. Although no official records of the sniper-sniper Japan, U.S. forces sniper who recorded them as adept at camouflage, resilient, ingenious and fanatics.

They wear a special helmet that was given wire- wire to attach the leaves, they also use green netting veils to cover the shoulders and head so their faces an invisible light skinned (green netting has now become one of the standard camouflage gear sniper various countries). One of the favorite tactics of Japanese sniper is hiding in the tree, for that they wear "Ninja" which has a separate thumb place, in order to facilitate their climb trees (shoe can be seen in the Museum Satrya Mandala). To overcome this disorder Japanese snipers, American troops bombarded every tree that is suspected as a hidden sniper with machine guns and even anti-tank with 37 mm cannons were loaded blast.

The Japanese use a sniper rifle sniper

Meiji Arisaka Type 97 6.5 mm caliber then replaced by Type 99 7.7 mm caliber.

This rifle has a monopod (single leg) that can be folded and telescope with 4X magnification (many Japanese sniper who did not receive telescope for their rifles.

Source from here.